Famous Athletes Who Took Matrtial Arts or Ballad the Help Their Performance

Type of Chinese martial arts

This article is well-nigh the modern sport. For other uses, see Wushu.

Wushu

Too known equally	Kung fu, CMA, WS
Focus	Striking, Grappling, Throwing, Performance Martial Art
Country of origin	Greater China
Famous practitioners	Come across: Category:Wushu practitioners

Sport

Highest governing body	International Wushu Federation
Showtime played	China
Characteristics
Contact	Dependent on blazon of Wushu
Team members	Individuals or Team
Mixed-sex	Yes
Blazon	Martial fine art
Venue	Taolu Carpet or Lei Tai (fighting arena)
Presence
Country or region	Worldwide, Asia primarily
Olympic	(Unofficial Sport) 2008
World Championships	1991
World Games	(Invitational Sport) 2009, 2013, 2022

Wushu
Traditional Chinese	武術
Simplified Chinese	武术
Literal significant	"Martial arts"
Transcriptions Standard mandarin Hanyu Pinyin wǔshù Wade–Giles wu3-shuiv IPA [ù.ʂû] Wu Suzhounese vû-zéh Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization móuh-seuht Jyutping mou5-seot6 IPA [mo̬u.sɵ̀t̚] Southern Min Tâi-lô bú-su̍t

Wushu (), or Kungfu, is a difficult and soft and consummate martial art, likewise every bit a full-contact sport.^{[1] [2]} It has a long history in reference to Chinese martial arts. It was developed in 1949 in an attempt to standardize the practice of traditional Chinese martial arts,^[3] however attempts to construction the various decentralized martial arts traditions appointment back earlier, when the Central Guoshu Establish was established at Nanking in 1928.

"Wushu" is the Chinese term for "martial arts" (武 "Wu" = military or martial, 術 "Shu" = fine art). In contemporary times, Wushu has go an international sport under the International Wushu Federation (IWUF), which holds the World Wushu Championships every two years. Wushu is an official event at the Asian Games, Southeast Asian Games, World Combat Games, and in various other multi-sport events.

Name [edit]

The discussion wu (武; wǔ) means 'martial'. Its Chinese character is made of 2 parts; the get-go meaning "walk" or "stop" (止; zhǐ) and the second meaning "lance" (戈; gē). This implies that "wu' 武," is a defensive use of combat.^{[dubious – discuss]}The term "wushu 武術" meaning 'martial arts' goes back as far every bit the Liang Dynasty (502–557) in an anthology compiled by Xiao Tong (蕭通), (Prince Zhaoming; 昭明太子 d. 531), called Selected Literature (文選; Wénxuǎn). The term is institute in the second verse of a poem by Yan Yanzhi titled: 皇太子釋奠會作詩 "Huang Taizi Shidian Hui Zuoshi".

The great man grows the many myriad things . . .

Breaking away from the military arts,

He promotes fully the cultural mandates.

—Translation from Echoes of the Past by Yan Yanzhi (384–456)

The term wushu is also found in a poem by Cheng Shao (1626–1644) from the Ming Dynasty.

The earliest term for 'martial arts' can be found in the Han History (206BC-23AD) was "armed services fighting techniques" (兵技巧; bīng jìqiǎo). During the Song catamenia (circa 960) the name changed to "martial arts" (武藝; wǔyì). In 1928 the name was inverse to "national arts" (國術; guóshù) when the National Martial Arts Academy was established in Nanjing. The term reverted to wǔshù under the People's Democracy of China during the early on 1950s.

History [edit]

In 1958 the government established the organisation to martial arts grooming. The Chinese State Commission for Physical Culture and Sports led the creation of standardized forms for near of the major arts. During this period, a national Wushu organisation that included standard forms, educational activity curriculum, and instructor grading was established. Wushu was introduced at both the loftier school and academy level. This new system seeks to incorporate common elements from all styles and forms too as the full general ideas associated with Chinese martial arts. Stylistic concepts such every bit hard, soft, internal, external, as well as classifications based on schools such as Shaolin, Tai chi, Wudang and others were all integrated into one system. Wushu became the authorities sponsored standard for the training in martial arts in China.^[4] The push for standardization continued leading to widespread accommodation.

In 1979, the State Commission for Concrete Civilization and Sports created a special task force to teaching and practice of Wushu. In 1986, the Chinese National Research Institute of Wushu was established equally the primal authority for the research and administration of Wushu activities in Mainland china.^[5] Changing government policies and attitudes towards sports in full general led to the closing of the State Sports Commission (the central sports dominance) in 1998. This closure is viewed as an attempt to partially de-politicize organized sports and move Chinese sport policies towards a more than market-driven approach.^[6] As a result of these changing sociological factors inside China, both traditional styles and modern Wushu approaches are being promoted past the International Wushu Federation.^[7]

Taolu [edit]

A Jian dual event (choreographed)

Wushu events are performed using compulsory or individual routines or taolu in competition. Throughout the 1990s until 2005 for international competitions, athletes competed with routines that were choreographed by IWUF assigned coaches or athletes. In November 2003, a major revision in the taolu contest rules occurred: deduction content was standardized, judges roles were organized and expanded, and the degree of difficulty component, also known equally nandu (難度; difficulty movements), was added. This category is worth two points of the 10 total. The quality of movements category is worth 5 points, and the overall performance category is worth 3 points. These changes were kickoff implemented at the 2005 World Wushu Championships, and private routines have go standard where an athlete creates a routine with the aid of his/her coach, while following certain rules for difficulty and technical requirements.^[8] Only the age group C and B athletes at the World Junior Wushu Championships still compete with compulsory routines at an international level. All inferior events including grouping A athletes (which compete with private routines), all traditional events, and all not-standard taolu events (ie. shuangdao, baguazhang etc.), are judged without the degree of difficulty component.

In improver to events for individual routines, some wushu competitions also feature dual and group events. The dual outcome, also called duilian (对练), is an consequence in which there is some form of sparring with weapons or without weapons. The group event, also known equally jiti (集體), requires a group of people to perform together and smooth synchronization of actions is crucial. Ordinarily, the grouping event also allows instrumental music to accompany the choreography during the performance. The carpeting used for the group outcome is also larger than the i used for individual routines. The 2019 Earth Wushu Championships was the first international wushu competition to feature such an event.

Barehanded [edit]

• Changquan (Chinese: 长拳; lit. 'Long fist') is an event derived from styles such as Chāquán (查拳), Huaquan (華拳), Hongquan (洪拳), and Shaolinquan (少林拳) besides as other traditional styles. Changquan is the almost popular and difficult of all wushu events, which requires great speed, power, accuracy, and flexibility. Nigh professional athletes in Mainland china commencement training this mode starting at a young age.
• Nanquan (Chinese: 南拳; lit. 'Southern fist') is an event derived from styles that originated in the southern regions of China such equally Hongjiaquan (洪家拳), Cailifoquan (蔡李佛拳), and Yongchunquan (詠春拳). Nanquan typically requires less flexibility and has fewer acrobatics than Changquan, merely it besides requires greater leg stability and power generation through leg and hip coordination.
• Taijiquan (Chinese: 太极拳; lit. 'Grand ultimate fist') as a wushu taolu event, is largely based on the Yang (楊) style of Taijiquan, but also includes movements of the Chen (陳), Wu (吳), Wu (Hao) (武), and Lord's day (孫) styles. Competitive contemporary taiji is singled-out from the traditional first form for styles it draws from, in that it typically involves hard balances and jumps which crave dandy rest, control, and flexibility. The taijiquan outcome besides every bit other taiji-based events are usually performed with musical accompaniment.

Short weapons [edit]

• Daoshu (Chinese: 刀术; lit. 'Broadsword') is an event which uses the dao using changquan methods of movement.
• Jianshu (Chinese: 剑术; lit. 'Straightsword') is an outcome that uses the jian using changquan methods of motion.
• Nandao (Chinese: 南刀; lit. 'Southern broadsword') was introduced into international wushu competition in 1999. The weapon and techniques are based on the butterfly swords of Yongchunquan, a southern style. The blade has been lengthened and modified so that a singular sword is used.
• Taijijian (Chinese: 太极剑; lit. 'Tai Chi straightsword') is an event that uses the jian based on traditional Taijiquan jian methods. This event was added into international contest in 1999.
• Taijishan (Chinese: 太极扇; lit. 'Tai Chi fan') is an event which uses a Chinese Hand fan with traditional Taijiquan methods. This issue was created in 2019 ahead of wushu'south participation in the 2026 Summer Youth Olympics (originally scheduled for 2022), and so it has yet to debut in competition.

Long weapons [edit]

• Gunshu (Chinese: 棍术; pinyin: Gùn shù ; lit. 'Cudgel') is an event which uses a staff with changquan methods of motility. Staffs were traditionally fabricated from white wax wood, but carbon fiber staff take become the standard in international competition since the 2010s since they are lighter and more durable.
• Qiangshu (Chinese: 枪术; pinyin: Qiāng shù ; lit. 'Spear') is an event which uses a spear using changquan methods of motion. The shaft of the spear is more often than not more than flexible and longer than what is used in the gunshu result.
• Nangun (Chinese: 南棍; pinyin: Nán gùn ; lit. 'Southern cudgel') was introduced into international wushu contest in 1999. It uses a staff with nanquan methods of movement. The staff is more often than not much thicker and heavier than the one used in the gunshu event.

The majority of routines used in the sport are new, modernized recompilations of traditional routines. However, routines taken directly from traditional styles, including the styles that are not role of standard events, may be performed in competition, specially in Red china. Many of these styles though are events in the Earth Kung Fu Championships, another IWUF-run event which is exclusively for traditional styles of wushu. The more than commonly seen routines include:

• Baguazhang (八卦掌) – 8-Trigrams Palm
• Bajiquan (八極拳/八极拳) – Eight Extremes Fist/Boxing
• Chāquán (查拳) – Cha Fist/Boxing
• Chuōjiǎo (戳腳/戳脚) – Poking Feet
• Ditangquan (地躺拳) – Ground-Prone Fist/Boxing
• Fānziquán (翻子拳) – Tumbling Fist/Boxing
• Houquan (猴拳) – Monkey Fist/Boxing
• Huaquan (華拳/华拳) – Hua Fist/Boxing
• Nanquan (南拳) – Southern Fist
• Pào Chuí (炮捶) – Cannon Punch
• Piguaquan (劈掛拳) – Chop-Hitch Fist/Boxing
• Shequan (蛇拳) – Snake Fist/Boxing
• Tán Tuǐ (弹腿) – Bound Kick
• Tang Lang (螳螂拳) – Praying Mantis Fist/Boxing
• Tongbeiquan (通背拳) – Through-the-Back Fist/Boxing
• Fly Chun (詠春拳/咏春拳) – Eternal Leap
• Xing Yi Quan (形意拳) – Shape-Intent Fist/Battle
• Ying Zhao Pai (鷹爪拳/鹰爪拳) – Hawkeye Claw Fist/Battle
• Zui Quan (醉拳) – Drunken Fist/Boxing

Traditional weapons routines [edit]

There is also a traditional weapons category, which ofttimes includes the following:

• Shuangshoujian (雙手劍/双手剑) – Ii-Handed Sword
• Jiujiebian (九節鞭/九节鞭) – Ix Section Whip
• Sanjiegun (三節棍/三节棍) – Three Section Staff
• Shengbiao (繩鏢/绳镖) – Rope Dart
• Dadao (大刀) – Great Sword
• Pudao (撲刀/扑刀) – Horse Knife
• Emeici (峨嵋刺) – Emei Daggers
• Shuangdao (雙刀/双刀) – Double Broadsword
• Shuanggou (雙鈎/双钩) – Double Hook-sword

Sanda [edit]

The other major discipline of gimmicky Chinese Wushu is 散打 Sǎndǎ, or 运动散打 (Yùndòng Sǎndǎ, Sport Free-Fighting), or 竞争散打 (Jìngzhēng Sàndǎ, Competitive Free-Fighting) meaning: A modern fighting method, sport, and applicable component of Wushu / Kung Fu influenced by traditional Chinese battle, of which takedowns and throws are legal in contest, also as all other sorts of hit (use of arms and legs). Chinese wrestling methods called Shuai Jiao and other Chinese grappling techniques such as Chin Na. It has all the combat aspects of wushu.

Sanda appears much like Kickboxing or Muay Thai, but includes many more grappling techniques. Sanda fighting competitions are often held alongside taolu or form competitions. Sanda represents the modern development of Lei Tai contests, but with rules in place to reduce the take chances of serious injury. Many Chinese martial art schools teach or work within the rule sets of Sanda, working to incorporate the movements, characteristics, and theory of their mode.

Chinese martial artists as well compete in not-Chinese or mixed combat sports, including Battle, Kickboxing and Mixed Martial Arts. Sanda is practised in tournaments and is usually held alongside taolu events in wushu competition. For safety reasons, some techniques from the cocky-defense course such every bit elbow strikes, chokes, and articulation locks, are not immune during tournaments. Competitors tin win past knockout or points which are earned past landing strikes to the body or head, throwing an opponent, or when competition is held on a raised lei tai platform, pushing them off the platform. Fighters are only allowed to assure for a few seconds. If the clinch is not broken by the fighters, and if neither succeeds in throwing his opponent within the time limit, the referee will suspension the clinch. In the U.S., competitions are held either in boxing rings or on the raised lei tai platform. Amateur fighters wear protective gear.

Apprentice Sanda allows kicks, punches and throws. King of Sanda, a competition held in China, is held in a ring like to a boxing band in design but larger in dimension. Every bit professionals, they wear no protective gear except for gloves, loving cup, and mouthpiece, and "Professional Sanda" allows human knee and elbow strikes (including to the head) every bit well as kicking, punching and throwing.

Some Sanda fighters have participated in fighting tournaments such as K-1, Muay Thai, boxing and Shoot Boxing. They have had some caste of success, peculiarly in Shoot Boxing competitions, which is more similar to Sanda. Due to the rules of kickboxing competition, Sanda fighters are subjected to more limitations than usual. Likewise notable competitors in China'southward mainstream Mixed Martial Arts competitions, Art of War Fighting Championship and Ranik Ultimate Fighting Federation are dominantly of wushu background. Sanda has been featured in many style-versus-way competitions. Muay Thai is frequently pitted against Sanda as is karate, kickboxing, and Tae Kwon Do. Although it is less common, some Sanda practitioners have besides fought in the publicly viewed American Mixed Martial Arts competitions.

Competitions [edit]

Major international and regional competitions featuring wushu include:

• World Wushu Championships
• World Junior Wushu Championships
• World Games (2009, 2013, 2022)
• World Gainsay Games
• Asian Games
• East Asian Games
• National Games of Prc
• South Asian Games
• Southeast Asian Games
• Mediterranean Games
• Lusofonia Games

Wushu is not a Summer Olympic sport; the IWUF has repeatedly backed proposals for Wushu to be added to the Olympic programme, most recently as one of eight sports proposed for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. However, information technology failed to reach the final shortlist, and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) ultimately voted for the re-inclusion of wrestling instead. Wushu was formally introduced into the Olympics as an exhibition sport in Berlin, in 1936, under Chancellor Hitler'southward request.^{[ citation needed ]} In March 2015, IWUF executive vice president Anthony Goh stated that the Federation was planning to advise Wushu again for the 2024 Summer Olympics.^{[ix] [10] [11]} As part of new IOC rules allowing host committees to accept proposals for new sports to be added to the programme (allowing the add-on of sports of local interest to the Olympic plan under an "event-based" model), in June 2015, Wushu was shortlisted once again as role of viii sports proposed for inclusion in the 2020 Games in this way.^[12] Yet, it did not make the last shortlist of five.^[xiii] On eight Jan 2020, it was announced by the IOC that Wushu volition be added to the 2022 Summer Youth Olympics (which have been rescheduled to 2026).^[14]

Attributable to its cultural significance in China, the IOC allowed the organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing to hold a Wushu tournament in parallel with the Games every bit a separate result – the first time that the IOC has allowed such an result.^{[15] [xvi] [17]}

Wushu was as well a sit-in sport at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics at Nanjing, which featured events for Group A athletes who qualified at the Earth Junior Wushu Championships earlier that year.^[xviii] Wushu was too office of the 2014 Nanjing Sports Lab along with skateboarding, roller skating, and sports climbing.^[19]

Notable practitioners [edit]

• Wu Bin (吳彬/吴彬) – Jet Li's coach in the Beijing Wushu Team, preparation more wushu champions than whatsoever other coach in China.^[twenty]
• Jet Li (李連杰/李连杰) – mayhap the most famous wushu practitioner in the world. He started wushu as a competition sport and gained fame as he took the National Wushu Champion of Communist china title five times as an original member of the Beijing Wushu Squad, he was later selected to demonstrate his wushu on the silverish screen in the worldwide hitting picture Shaolin Temple. Many of his onetime teammates take also appeared on-screen with him, especially in his older movies.
• Donnie Yen (甄子丹) – Chinese martial creative person and actor, trained with the Beijing Wushu Team. Gold medalists for various international Wushu Competitions.^{[21] [22] [23]} Known for his portrayal of Ip Homo, mentor of Bruce Lee.
• Wu Jing (吳京/吴京) – Chinese actor who was sent to the Beijing Sports Institute at Shichahai in Beijing when he was six years old. Similar Jet Li he competed as a member of the Beijing Wushu Team in national level wushu competitions in Communist china. Both his father and granddaddy were also martial artists^[24]
• Ray Park – Showcased his skills in wushu in several major films, including his portrayal of Darth Maul in 1999'south Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, as well as Toad in the film X-Men (2000) and as stunt-double for Robin Shou and James Remar in Mortal Kombat: Annihilation.^{[25] [26]} He besides heavily retrained prior to filming G.I. Joe: The Ascension of Cobra, in which he portrayed the martial arts expert Snake Eyes.^[27]
• Steve Coleman – Longest running Great U.k. Wushu champion 2002–nowadays, Captain GB Wushu Team, starred as Shane Powers in film On the Ropes.
• Jon Foo – Learned Kung Fu when he was 8 years old, but didn't begin serious training in Wu Shu until he was 15. Starred every bit Jin Kazama in the motion-picture show adaptation of Tekken.
• Jade Xu (徐慧慧) is a martial arts actress and multiple World Wushu Champion. She won the World Championships 3 times in a row and the first (gun/staff) and 2nd (dao/broadsword) place in the Olympic Wushu Tournament Beijing 2008 and became one of the most famous female Wushu athletes in the globe. Soon after her athletic career, Jade Xu received offers to star in various international Film and Tv set productions, such as Tai Chi 0, Tai Chi Hero and Michael Jackson: I, and successfully launched her second career, as an actress.
• Hossein Ojaghi:He is an Iranian Sanda fighter and one of the best Sanda fighters in history. He has won many medals in every kind of international martial arts and Sanda competitions. Present he is the charabanc of the Islamic republic of iran national squad.
• Muslim Salikhov: He is one of the about technical fighters in sanshou. He has participated in MMA competitions such as Ultimate Fighting Championship(UFC). Salikhov is from Russian federation.
• Cung Le: Cung Le is an American Vietnamese and slap-up wushu sanda and Mixed martial arts fighter. He has won a lot of medals.
• Zhao Changjun: Zhao is ane of the nigh decorated wushu champions ever. Only one other martial artist has challenged his winning record: Jet Li. In wushu circles, it is said that the '70s belonged to Jet, merely the '80s belonged to Zhao. Even throughout the 70's, Zhao was always pressuring Jet. From the late '70s to the late '80s, Zhao captured ten individual all-around titles in national and international events. He has earned 54 gilt medals and has demonstrated in v continents for over 30 countries. Zhao is undeniably one of the greatest wushu masters of all time. And yet, despite his glorious wushu record, he's a staunch proponent of traditional martial arts. ^[28]
• Yuan Wenqing (原文庆) – One of the almost famous, successful, and skilled wushu practitioners in the world who has won countless gold medals in Chinese, Earth, and Asian Championships. He is a former Shanxi wushu team athlete trained by the coaches Pang Lin Tai and Zhang Ling Mei. He is nearly famous for his ChangQuan, DaoShu, GunShu, ShuangDao, and DiTangQuan. A number of his routines (TaoLu) became the official standard competition routines (GuiDing) for a number of years until the new GuiDing TaoLu's were introduced.^[29]

Criticism [edit]

Wushu has faced criticism as a competitive sport. It has been criticized by some traditional martial artists for being as well commercialized, losing many of its original values, and potentially threatening old styles of teaching. Such critics argue that contemporary wushu helped to create a dichotomy between class work and gainsay application.^{[thirty] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35]}

See too [edit]

• Kung fu
• Chinese martial arts
• 18 Arms of Wushu
• List of Chinese martial arts
• Wuxia
• Chinese culture

References [edit]

1. ^ Liu, Melinda (eighteen February 2010). "Kung Fu Fighting for Fans". Newsweek. Archived from the original on thirty August 2008.
2. ^ Wren, Christopher (11 September 1983). "Of monks and martial arts". The New York Times . Retrieved eleven Baronial 2010.
3. ^ Fu, Zhongwen (2006) [1996]. Mastering Yang Style Taijiquan. Louis Swaine. Berkeley, California: Blueish Snake Books. ISBN1-58394-152-five.
4. ^ Lorge, Peter (2012). Chinese Martial Arts From Antiquity to the Twenty-Starting time Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Printing. ISBN978-0-521-87881-iv. ^{[ folio needed ]}
5. ^ Wu Bin; Li Xingdong; Yu Gongbao (1992). Essentials of Chinese Wushu. Beijing: Foreign Language Press. ISBN7-119-01477-iii. ^{[ page needed ]}
6. ^ Riordan, Jim (1999). Sport and Physical Pedagogy in Mainland china. Spon Printing (Great britain). ISBN0-419-24750-5. p. 15
7. ^ "Minutes of the eighth IWUF Congress". iwuf.org. International Wushu Federation. 9 December 2005. Archived from the original on fourteen June 2007. Retrieved 26 August 2008.
8. ^ "IWUF Rules of Taolu Competition 2005" (PDF). iwuf.org. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
9. ^ Fetters, Ashley (13 August 2012). "The Summertime Olympic Sports of the Time to come". The Atlantic . Retrieved 19 May 2015.
10. ^ "Wushu eyes slot for 2024". The Jakarta Mail service . Retrieved nineteen May 2015.
11. ^ Staff (14 February 2013). "IOC drops wrestling from 2020 Olympics". ESPN. Retrieved seven March 2013.
12. ^ "Olympic Games: Snooker misses out on 2020 Tokyo place". BBC Sport. 22 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
13. ^ "Olympics: Skateboarding & surfing among possible Tokyo 2020 sports". BBC Sport. 28 September 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
14. ^ "Baseball5 and wushu added to Youth Olympic Games plan at Dakar 2022".
15. ^ Madrid, Michael (21 August 2008). "Kung-fu makes Olympic showcase debut". United states of america Today . Retrieved xix May 2015.
16. ^ "Rogge says wushu no "Olympic sport" in 2008". Xinhua. Archived from the original on 28 November 2006. Retrieved nineteen May 2015.
17. ^ Baker, Andrew (viii August 2008). "Slower, lower, weaker: Wushu competition cuts a dash at the same fourth dimension as Beijing Olympics". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
18. ^ "Nanjing 2014 Youth Wushu Tournament Takes Place Aslope the Youth Olympic Games". www.businesswire.com. 25 August 2014. Retrieved thirty October 2020.
19. ^ "Wushu joins the Nanjing 2014 Sports Lab". International Olympic Commission. 21 July 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
20. ^ "Wu Bin". U.s. Wushu Academy. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
21. ^ "Donnie Yen Biography". Biography. Starpulse. Archived from the original on viii Oct 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2009.
22. ^ Berwick, Stephan (23 December 2000). "Donnie Yen: The Evolution of an American Martial Creative person". Kung Fu Magazine . Retrieved eleven May 2015.
23. ^ "Donnie Yen: The Next Martial Arts Icon". Goldsea Asian American. 21 September 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
24. ^ Jacky Wu'due south Bio Jacky WU Jing
25. ^ Reid, Craig. "Ray Park and Martial Arts: Part one". Kung Fu Mag . Retrieved 24 February 2010.
26. ^ Reid, Craig. "Ray Park and Martial Arts: Office 2". Kung Fu Magazine . Retrieved 24 February 2010.
27. ^ Reid, Craig. "GI JOE – YO JOE, The Snake Has Returned". Kung Fu Mag . Retrieved 22 February 2010.
28. ^ "Welcome to KungFuMagazine".
29. ^ Burr, Martha. "Communist china's Brightest Star". Kung Fu Magazine. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
30. ^ Ching, Gene; Ching, Andy. "China Gets the Gold!". Kung Fu Magazine . Retrieved 22 Feb 2010.
31. ^ Borkland, Herb. "Salute to Wushu". Kung Fu Magazine . Retrieved 22 February 2010.
32. ^ Ching, Cistron; Gigi, Oh. "The Tradition of Modern Wushu". Kung Fu Magazine. Archived from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2010.
33. ^ Ching, Gene; Gigi, Oh. "Where Wushu Went Wrong". Kung Fu Magazine . Retrieved 22 February 2010.
34. ^ tianrong, An; Aiping, Cheng. "Wushu Needs Name Rectification". Kung Fu Magazine . Retrieved 22 Feb 2010.
35. ^ Kuhn, Anthony (16 October 1998). "Chinese Martial-Art Course Sports Less Threatening Moves". The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 25 Nov 2010.

Notes [edit]

• Mastering WUSHU, Jiang Bangjun and Emilio Alpanseque, ISBN 978-1-933901-31-2
• Fundamentals of High Performance Wushu: Taolu Jumps and Spins, Raymond Wu, ISBN 978-ane-4303-1820-0
• Kung Fu Elements, Liang, Shou-Yu and Wu, Wen-Ching, ISBN 1-889659-17-7

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wushu.

• Wushu.in – Martial arts customs online
• International Wushu Federation – Official website

jonestoneatink77.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wushu_(sport)

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